How is energy defined in physical science?

Energy in physical science is defined as the capacity to do work or produce change. This definition encompasses the various forms of energy, such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, and more, all of which enable systems to perform tasks or induce transformations. For instance, when an object moves, it exhibits kinetic energy, which can do work against forces like friction. Similarly, potential energy allows for the possibility of movement or change when the stored energy is released.

The other definitions, while related to energy, do not capture its full essence. For example, the concept of performing a specific task is a narrower view that implies a specific application of energy rather than its broader definition. Similarly, the transfer of heat between objects describes a specific process involving energy rather than the overall capacity of energy itself. Lastly, while combining matter and motion relates to physical systems, it does not succinctly express the nature of energy as a capacity for work or change. Thus, defining energy as the capacity to do work or produce change is the most comprehensive and widely accepted understanding in physical science.